Chapter 16
Demography- the scientific study of population
Fecundity- the maximum rate at which women can physically produce children
Fertility- a measure of the number of children born to a woman or a population of women
Fertility Rate- the annual number of live births per thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four
Mortality- death within a population
Population- a group of people living in a particular place at a specified time
Census- regularly occurring count of a particular population
Dependency Ratio- the ratio of dependent persons to economically active persons
Zero population Growth- situation in which deaths are balanced by births so that the population does not change
Concentric Zone Theory- theory that describes urban growth in terms of circular areas that grow from the central city outward
Multiple Nuclei Theory- theory that focuses on specific geographic or historical influences on urban growth
Peripheral Theory- theory that emphasizes the growth of suburbs around the central city
Sector Theory- theory that emphasizes the importance of transportation routes in the process of urban growth
Suburbanization- loss of population of a city to surrounding areas
Urbanization- process by which an increasing larger portion of the world's population lives in cities
Chapter 17
Social Change- new societal behaviors with important long-term consequences
Social Processes- series of steps leading to change on a societal level
Discovery- process by which something is learned or reinterpreted
Invention- the creation of something new from previously existing items or processes
Diffusion- process by which one culture or society borrows from another culture or society
Equilibrium- a society's tendency to react to changes by making adjustments to keep itself in a state of functioning and balance
Urbanism- the idea that urbanization involves a distinct way of life
Collectivity- collection of people who do not normally interact and who do not share clearly defined norms
Urban Legend- a moralistic tale that the teller swears happened to someone he or she knows
Contagion Theory- states that members of a crowd stimulate each other to higher and higher levels of emotion and irrational behavior
Emergent Norm Theory- states that norms develop to guide crowd behavior
Convergence Theory- states that crowds are formed by people who deliberately congregate with like-minded others
Social Movement- the most structured and rational form of collective behavior; goal is to promote or prevent social change
Revolutionary Movement- a social movement that attempts to change the total structure of society
Reformative Movement- a social movement that attempts to make limited changes in society
Redemptive Movement- a social movement that seeks to change people completely
Alternative Movement- a social movement that focuses on bringing about limited changes in people
Value-added Theory- holds that certain conditions must exist for social movements to occur
Resource Mobilization Theory- focuses on the use of resources to achieve goals
Demography- the scientific study of population
Fecundity- the maximum rate at which women can physically produce children
Fertility- a measure of the number of children born to a woman or a population of women
Fertility Rate- the annual number of live births per thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four
Mortality- death within a population
Population- a group of people living in a particular place at a specified time
Census- regularly occurring count of a particular population
Dependency Ratio- the ratio of dependent persons to economically active persons
Zero population Growth- situation in which deaths are balanced by births so that the population does not change
Concentric Zone Theory- theory that describes urban growth in terms of circular areas that grow from the central city outward
Multiple Nuclei Theory- theory that focuses on specific geographic or historical influences on urban growth
Peripheral Theory- theory that emphasizes the growth of suburbs around the central city
Sector Theory- theory that emphasizes the importance of transportation routes in the process of urban growth
Suburbanization- loss of population of a city to surrounding areas
Urbanization- process by which an increasing larger portion of the world's population lives in cities
Chapter 17
Social Change- new societal behaviors with important long-term consequences
Social Processes- series of steps leading to change on a societal level
Discovery- process by which something is learned or reinterpreted
Invention- the creation of something new from previously existing items or processes
Diffusion- process by which one culture or society borrows from another culture or society
Equilibrium- a society's tendency to react to changes by making adjustments to keep itself in a state of functioning and balance
Urbanism- the idea that urbanization involves a distinct way of life
Collectivity- collection of people who do not normally interact and who do not share clearly defined norms
Urban Legend- a moralistic tale that the teller swears happened to someone he or she knows
Contagion Theory- states that members of a crowd stimulate each other to higher and higher levels of emotion and irrational behavior
Emergent Norm Theory- states that norms develop to guide crowd behavior
Convergence Theory- states that crowds are formed by people who deliberately congregate with like-minded others
Social Movement- the most structured and rational form of collective behavior; goal is to promote or prevent social change
Revolutionary Movement- a social movement that attempts to change the total structure of society
Reformative Movement- a social movement that attempts to make limited changes in society
Redemptive Movement- a social movement that seeks to change people completely
Alternative Movement- a social movement that focuses on bringing about limited changes in people
Value-added Theory- holds that certain conditions must exist for social movements to occur
Resource Mobilization Theory- focuses on the use of resources to achieve goals